The Basics
What Causes Rabies?
Rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system caused by the Rabies virus (a Lyssavirus). It is primarily transmitted to humans through the saliva of an infected animal, usually via a bite, scratch, or lick on broken skin or mucous membranes (eyes, nose, or mouth). While most cases worldwide are caused by dogs, other mammals like bats, monkeys, and cats can also carry the virus.
Vaccination Overview
The Pre-Exposure Rabies Vaccine
| Feature | Details |
| Number of Doses | A full course consists of three doses. |
| Standard Schedule | Doses are given on Day 0, Day 7, and Day 21 or 28. |
| Accelerated Schedule | For urgent travel, the third dose can sometimes be given on Day 14 (consult your clinician). |
| The Booster | A single booster may be recommended after 1 year if you remain at high risk. Further boosters are usually given every 3 to 5 years for high-risk occupations. |
| How it is given | Administered as an intramuscular injection into the upper arm. |
| Suitable Age | Safe and suitable for all ages, including infants from birth. |
Safety & Side Effects
What to Expect After Vaccination
The modern rabies vaccine is very safe and well-tolerated. Side effects are typically mild and disappear within a day or two:
Local Reaction: Redness, swelling, or itching at the injection site.
General: A mild headache, muscle aches, or a low-grade fever.
Nausea: Some people may experience mild dizziness or an upset stomach.
Recognising Symptoms
Symptoms of Rabies in Humans
The incubation period (time from bite to symptoms) is usually 1 to 3 months, but can vary from a few days to over a year. Once symptoms appear, the disease is almost always fatal.
Early Signs: Flu-like symptoms including fever, headache, and general weakness.
Bite Site Sensation: Prickling, tingling, or an itching sensation at the site of the original wound.
Neurological Phase: Anxiety, confusion, agitation, and hallucinations.
Hydrophobia: A “fear of water” caused by painful muscle spasms in the throat when trying to drink.
Advanced Signs: Excessive salivation (“foaming at the mouth”), insomnia, and partial paralysis.
Additional Precautions
The "Wash and Seek" Rule
Vaccination does not make you “immune”—it buys you time. If you are bitten or scratched by an animal in a high-risk area, follow these steps immediately:
Wash: Immediately scrub the wound with soap and running water for at least 15 minutes.
Disinfect: Apply an iodine or alcohol-based antiseptic if available.
Seek Help: Visit a doctor immediately. Even if you were vaccinated before your trip, you will still need “Post-Exposure” booster doses to ensure the virus does not reach your brain.
Avoid Wildlife: Do not pet stray dogs, cats, or monkeys, even if they appear friendly.
FAQ
If I'm vaccinated, why do I still need a shot after a bite?
The pre-travel vaccine prepares your immune system, but a bite requires “booster” doses to ensure your body finishes the job. However, vaccinated people do not need the expensive and hard-to-find Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) injection, which is a major advantage in remote areas.
Can I catch Rabies from a bat in the UK?
While the UK is “terrestrial rabies-free,” some UK bats carry a rabies-like virus. Always seek medical advice if you are bitten or scratched by a bat anywhere in the world, including at home.
Medical Disclaimer
The information provided on this website is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. While we strive to provide accurate health information, it is not a substitute for the professional judgment of a healthcare provider. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health professional with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or vaccination schedule. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay seeking it because of something you have read on this website.